class Pair does Associative {}

Consists of two parts, a key and a value. Pairs can be seen as the atomic units in Hashes, and they are also used in conjunction with named arguments and parameters.

There are many syntaxes for creating Pairs:

Pair.new('key', 'value'); # The canonical way 
'key' => 'value';         # this... 
:key<value>;              # ...means the same as this 
:key<value1 value2>;      # But this is  key => <value1 value2> 
:foo(127);                # short for  foo => 127 
:127foo;                  # the same   foo => 127

Note that last form supports Non-ASCII numerics as well:

# use MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK DIGIT THREE 
say (:𝟛math-three);         # OUTPUT: «math-three => 3␤»

But not synthetic (i.e. formed by a digit and additional Unicode marks):

say :7̈a

You can also use an identifier-like literal as key; this will not need the quotes as long as it follows the syntax of ordinary identifiers:

(foo => 127)              # the same   foo => 127

Variants of this are

:key;                     # same as   key => True 
:!key;                    # same as   key => False

And this other variant, to be used in routine invocation

sub colon-pair( :$key-value ) {
    say $key-value;
}
my $key-value = 'value';
colon-pair( :$key-value );               # OUTPUT: «value␤» 
colon-pair( key-value => $key-value );   # OUTPUT: «value␤» 

Colon pairs can be chained without a comma to create a List of Pairs. Depending on context you may have to be explicit when assigning colon lists.

sub s(*%h){ say %h.raku };
s :a1:b2;
# OUTPUT: «{:a1, :b2}␤» 
 
my $manna = :a1:b2:c3;
say $manna.^name;
# OUTPUT: «Pair␤» 
 
$manna = (:a1:b2:c3);
say $manna.^name;
# OUTPUT: «List␤»

Any variable can be turned into a Pair of its name and its value.

my $bar = 10;
my $p   = :$bar;
say $p; # OUTPUT: «bar => 10␤»

It is worth noting that when assigning a Scalar as value of a Pair the value holds the container of the value itself. This means that it is possible to change the value from outside of the Pair itself:

my $v = 'value A';
my $pair = a => $v;
$pair.say;  # OUTPUT: «a => value A␤» 
 
$v = 'value B';
$pair.say;  # OUTPUT: «a => value B␤» 

Please also note that this behavior is totally unrelated to the way used to build the Pair itself (i.e., explicit usage of new, use of colon, fat arrow), as well as if the Pair is bound to a variable.

It is possible to change the above behavior forcing the Pair to remove the scalar container and to hold the effective value itself via the method freeze:

my $v = 'value B';
my $pair = a => $v;
$pair.freeze;
$v = 'value C';
$pair.say; # OUTPUT: «a => value B␤» 

As Pair implements Associative role, its value can be accessed using Associative subscription operator, however, due to Pair's singular nature, the pair's value will be only returned for the pair's key. Nil object will be returned for any other key. Subscript adverbs such as :exists can be used on Pair.

my $pair = a => 5;
say $pair<a>;           # OUTPUT: «5␤» 
say $pair<a>:exists;    # OUTPUT: «True␤» 
say $pair<no-such-key>; # OUTPUT: «Nil␤» 

Methods §

method new §

Defined as:

multi method new(Pair: Mu  $key, Mu  $value)
multi method new(Pair: Mu :$key, Mu :$value)

Constructs a new Pair object.

method ACCEPTS §

Defined as:

multi method ACCEPTS(Pair:D $: %topic)
multi method ACCEPTS(Pair:D $: Pair:D $topic)
multi method ACCEPTS(Pair:D $: Mu $topic)

If %topic is an Associative, looks up the value using invocant's key in it and checks invocant's value .ACCEPTS that value:

say %(:42a) ~~ :42a; # OUTPUT: «True␤» 
say %(:42a) ~~ :10a; # OUTPUT: «False␤»

If $topic is another Pair, checks the invocant's value .ACCEPTS the $topic's value. Note that the keys are not considered and can be different:

say :42a ~~ :42a; # OUTPUT: «True␤» 
say :42z ~~ :42a; # OUTPUT: «True␤» 
say :10z ~~ :42a; # OUTPUT: «False␤»

If $topic is any other value, the invocant Pair's key is treated as a method name. This method is called on $topic, the Bool result of which is compared against the invocant Pair's Bool value. For example, primality can be tested using smartmatch:

say 3 ~~ :is-prime;             # OUTPUT: «True␤» 
say 3 ~~  is-prime => 'truthy'; # OUTPUT: «True␤» 
say 4 ~~ :is-prime;             # OUTPUT: «False␤»

This form can also be used to check Bool values of multiple methods on the same object, such as IO::Path, by using Junctions:

say "foo" .IO ~~ :f & :rw; # OUTPUT: «False␤» 
say "/tmp".IO ~~ :!f;      # OUTPUT: «True␤» 
say "."   .IO ~~ :f | :d;  # OUTPUT: «True␤»

method antipair §

Defined as:

method antipair(Pair:D: --> Pair:D)

Returns a new Pair object with key and value exchanged.

my $p = (d => 'Raku').antipair;
say $p.key;         # OUTPUT: «Raku␤» 
say $p.value;       # OUTPUT: «d␤»

method key §

Defined as:

multi method key(Pair:D:)

Returns the key part of the Pair.

my $p = (Raku => "d");
say $p.key; # OUTPUT: «Raku␤»

method value §

Defined as:

multi method value(Pair:D:) is rw

Returns the value part of the Pair.

my $p = (Raku => "d");
say $p.value; # OUTPUT: «d␤»

infix cmp §

Defined as:

multi sub infix:<cmp>(Pair:D, Pair:D)

The type-agnostic comparator; compares two Pairs. Compares first their key parts, and then compares the value parts if the keys are equal.

my $a = (Apple => 1);
my $b = (Apple => 2);
say $a cmp $b; # OUTPUT: «Less␤»

method fmt §

Defined as:

multi method fmt(Pair:D: Str:D $format --> Str:D)

Takes a format string, and returns a string the key and value parts of the Pair formatted. Here's an example:

my $pair = :Earth(1);
say $pair.fmt("%s is %.3f AU away from the sun")
# OUTPUT: «Earth is 1.000 AU away from the sun␤»

For more about format strings, see sprintf.

method kv §

Defined as:

multi method kv(Pair:D: --> List:D)

Returns a two-element List with the key and value parts of Pair, in that order. This method is a special case of the same-named method on Hash, which returns all its entries as a list of keys and values.

my $p = (Raku => "d");
say $p.kv[0]; # OUTPUT: «Raku␤» 
say $p.kv[1]; # OUTPUT: «d␤»

method pairs §

Defined as:

multi method pairs(Pair:D:)

Returns a list of one Pair, namely this one.

my $p = (Raku => "d");
say $p.pairs.^name; # OUTPUT: «List␤» 
say $p.pairs[0];    # OUTPUT: «Raku => d␤»

method antipairs §

Defined as:

multi method antipairs(Pair:D:)

Returns a List containing the antipair of the invocant.

my $p = (d => 'Raku').antipairs;
say $p.^name;                                     # OUTPUT: «List␤» 
say $p.first;                                     # OUTPUT: «Raku => d␤» 
say $p.first.^name;                               # OUTPUT: «Pair␤»

method invert §

Defined as:

method invert(Pair:D: --> Seq:D)

Returns a Seq. If the .value of the invocant is NOT an Iterable, the Seq will contain a single Pair whose .key is the .value of the invocant and whose .value is the .key of the invocant:

:foo<bar>.invert.raku.say; # OUTPUT: «(:bar("foo"),).Seq»

If invocant's .value is an Iterable, the returned Seq will contain the same number of Pairs as items in the .value, with each of those items a .key of a pair and the .key of the invocant the .value of that pair:

:foo<Raku is great>.invert.raku.say;
# OUTPUT: «(:Raku("foo"), :is("foo"), :great("foo")).Seq» 
 
:foo{ :42a, :72b }.invert.raku.say;
# OUTPUT: «((:a(42)) => "foo", (:b(72)) => "foo").Seq»

To perform the exact .key and .value swap, use .antipair method.

method keys §

Defined as:

multi method keys(Pair:D: --> List:D)

Returns a List containing the key of the invocant.

say (Raku => "d").keys;                           # OUTPUT: «(Raku)␤»

method values §

Defined as:

multi method values(Pair:D: --> List:D)

Returns a List containing the value of the invocant.

say (Raku => "d").values;                         # OUTPUT: «(d)␤»

method freeze §

Defined as:

method freeze(Pair:D:)

Makes the value of the Pair read-only, by removing it from its Scalar container, and returns it.

my $str = "apple";
my $p = Pair.new('key', $str);
$p.value = "orange";              # this works as expected 
$p.say;                           # OUTPUT: «key => orange␤» 
$p.freeze.say;                    # OUTPUT: «orange␤» 
$p.value = "a new apple";         # Fails 
CATCH { default { put .^name, ': ', .Str } };
# OUTPUT: «X::Assignment::RO: Cannot modify an immutable Str (apple)␤»

NOTE: this method is deprecated as of 6.d language version. Instead, create a new Pair, with a decontainerized key/value.

$p.=Map.=head.say;                                    # OUTPUT: «orange␤» 

method Str §

Defined as:

multi method Str(Pair:D: --> Str:D)

Returns a string representation of the invocant formatted as key ~ \t ~ value.

my $b = eggs => 3;
say $b.Str;                                       # OUTPUT: «eggs  3␤»

method Pair §

Defined as:

method Pair()

Returns the invocant Pair object.

my $pair = eggs => 3;
say $pair.Pair === $pair;                         # OUTPUT: «True␤»

Type Graph §

Routines supplied by role Associative §

Pair does role Associative, which provides the following routines:

(Associative) method of §

Defined as:

method of()

Associative, as the definition above shows, is actually a parameterized role which can use different classes for keys and values. As seen at the top of the document, by default it coerces the key to Str and uses a very generic Mu for value.

my %any-hash;
say %any-hash.of; # OUTPUT: «(Mu)␤»

The value is the first parameter you use when instantiating Associative with particular classes:

class DateHash is Hash does Associative[Cool,DateTime] {};
my %date-hash := DateHash.new;
say %date-hash.of; # OUTPUT: «(Cool)␤»

(Associative) method keyof §

Defined as:

method keyof()

Returns the parameterized key used for the Associative role, which is Any coerced to Str by default. This is the class used as second parameter when you use the parameterized version of Associative.

my %any-hash;
%any-hash.keyof; # OUTPUT: «(Str(Any))␤»

(Associative) method AT-KEY §

method AT-KEY(\key)

Should return the value / container at the given key.

class What { method AT-KEY(\key) { 42 }};
say What.new{33}; # OUTPUT: «42␤» 

(Associative) method EXISTS-KEY §

method EXISTS-KEY(\key)

Should return a Bool indicating whether the given key actually has a value.

(Associative) method STORE §

method STORE(\values, :$INITIALIZE)

This method should only be supplied if you want to support the:

my %h is Foo = a => 42, b => 666;

syntax for binding your implementation of the Associative role.

Should accept the values to (re-)initialize the object with, which either could consist of Pairs, or separate key/value pairs. The optional named parameter will contain a True value when the method is called on the object for the first time. Should return the invocant.