class Channel {}

A Channel is a thread-safe queue that helps you to send a series of objects from one or more producers to one or more consumers. Each object will arrive at only one such consumer, selected by the scheduler. If there is only one consumer and one producer, the order of objects is guaranteed to be preserved. Sending on a Channel is non-blocking.

my $c = Channel.new;
await (^10).map: {
    start {
        my $r = rand;
        sleep $r;
        $c.send($r);
    }
}
$c.close;
say $c.list;

Further examples can be found in the concurrency page

Methods §

method send §

Defined as:

method send(Channel:D: \item)

Enqueues an item into the Channel. Throws an exception of type X::Channel::SendOnClosed if the channel has been closed already. This call will not block waiting for a consumer to take the object. There is no set limit on the number of items that may be queued, so care should be taken to prevent runaway queueing.

my $c = Channel.new;
$c.send(1);
$c.send([2, 3, 4, 5]);
$c.close;
say $c.list; # OUTPUT: «(1 [2 3 4 5])␤»

method receive §

Defined as:

method receive(Channel:D:)

Receives and removes an item from the channel. It blocks if no item is present, waiting for a send from another thread.

Throws an exception of type X::Channel::ReceiveOnClosed if the channel has been closed, and the last item has been removed already, or if close is called while receive is waiting for an item to arrive.

If the channel has been marked as erratic with method fail, and the last item has been removed, throws the argument that was given to fail as an exception.

See method poll for a non-blocking version that won't throw exceptions.

my $c = Channel.new;
$c.send(1);
say $c.receive; # OUTPUT: «1␤»

method poll §

Defined as:

method poll(Channel:D:)

Receives and removes an item from the channel. If no item is present, returns Nil instead of waiting.

my $c = Channel.new;
Promise.in(2).then: { $c.close; }
^10 .map({ $c.send($_); });
loop {
    if $c.poll -> $item { $item.say };
    if $c.closed  { last };
    sleep 0.1;
}

See method receive for a blocking version that properly responds to channel closing and failure.

method close §

Defined as:

method close(Channel:D:)

Close the Channel, normally. This makes subsequent send calls die with X::Channel::SendOnClosed. Subsequent calls of .receive may still drain any remaining items that were previously sent, but if the queue is empty, will throw an X::Channel::ReceiveOnClosed exception. Since you can produce a Seq from a Channel by contextualizing to array with @() or by calling the .list method, these methods will not terminate until the channel has been closed. A whenever-block will also terminate properly on a closed channel.

my $c = Channel.new;
$c.close;
$c.send(1);
CATCH { default { put .^name, ': ', .Str } };
# OUTPUT: «X::Channel::SendOnClosed: Cannot send a message on a closed channel␤» 

Please note that any exception thrown may prevent .close from being called, this may hang the receiving thread. Use a LEAVE phaser to enforce the .close call in this case.

method list §

Defined as:

method list(Channel:D:)

Returns a list based on the Seq which will iterate items in the queue and remove each item from it as it iterates. This can only terminate once the close method has been called.

my $c = Channel.new; $c.send(1); $c.send(2);
$c.close;
say $c.list; # OUTPUT: «(1 2)␤»

method closed §

Defined as:

method closed(Channel:D: --> Promise:D)

Returns a promise that will be kept once the channel is closed by a call to method close.

my $c = Channel.new;
$c.closed.then({ say "It's closed!" });
$c.close;
sleep 1;

method fail §

Defined as:

method fail(Channel:D: $error)

Closes the Channel (that is, makes subsequent send calls die), and enqueues the error to be thrown as the final element in the channel. Method receive will throw that error as an exception. Does nothing if the channel has already been closed or .fail has already been called on it.

my $c = Channel.new;
$c.fail("Bad error happens!");
$c.receive;
CATCH { default { put .^name, ': ', .Str } };
# OUTPUT: «X::AdHoc: Bad error happens!␤»

method Capture §

Defined as:

method Capture(Channel:D: --> Capture:D)

Equivalent to calling .List.Capture on the invocant.

method Supply §

Defined as:

method Supply(Channel:D:)

This returns an on-demand Supply that emits a value for every value received on the Channel. done will be called on the Supply when the Channel is closed.

my $c = Channel.new;
my Supply $s1 = $c.Supply;
my Supply $s2 = $c.Supply;
$s1.tap(-> $v { say "First $v" });
$s2.tap(-> $v { say "Second $v" });
^10 .map({ $c.send($_) });
sleep 1;

Multiple calls to this method produce multiple instances of Supply, which compete over the values from the Channel.

sub await §

Defined as:

multi sub await(Channel:D)
multi sub await(*@)

Waits until all of one or more channels has a value available, and returns those values (it calls .receive on the channel). Also works with promises.

my $c = Channel.new;
Promise.in(1).then({$c.send(1)});
say await $c;

Since 6.d, it no longer blocks a thread while waiting.

Type Graph §